Logistics System

A logistics system (LS) is a network of organizations, people, activities, information, and resource involved in the physical period of products from supplier to customer.

From: Logistics Operations and Management , 2011

Logistics Organization

Shokoofeh Asadi , in Logistics Operations and Management, 2011

The Gild Management Arrangement

The OMS is the first point of logistics organisation contact with customers past managing club receiving and placement. It is the front-end system of the LIS. The OMS are closely related to WMS for checking product availability. The customer-ordered items may exist available from inventories or may be seen in the production schedules. This provides information well-nigh the location of the product in the supply network, quantity available, and possibly the estimated time for delivery. After checking product availability and accepting the delivery time by the customers, the next step is credit checking. In this pace, the OMS communicate with the fiscal data system to check a client's credit condition. In one case the social club is accepted, the OMS volition allocate the product to the customer society, assign it to a production location, decrement inventory, and prepare an invoice when shipping has been confirmed.

The OMS dose not stand in isolation from the business firm'due south other data systems. If the client is to be served effectively, then information must be shared.

It should exist noted that although the give-and-take has focused on the orders being received by a firm, in that location is a similar OMS for the buy orders placed by the company (sometimes chosen the SMS). Whereas in a client-based OMS a firm'due south client data are important, in a purchase-based OMS the focus is on the visitor's vendors' information such equally their delivery-performance ratings, costs and terms of auction, capabilities, availabilities, and financial strength [9].

The ways customer orders can be placed vary from completely manual to automatic when a customer's reckoner directly connects to the seller's system without human being interest. There are articulate merchandise-offs in each situation between price and information quality. In automatic society placement, the speed and accuracy of the process increases. Nevertheless, initial costs are more manual orders because of the demand for arrangement facilities.

Automating the lodge-processing function has many advantages for companies. The starting time i is improving client services through increases in speed and accuracy. For case, by increasing the speed of the order-placement process, the order-wheel fourth dimension can be reduced, which means that customers do non need to agree so much rubber stock. In this case, when a customer order is received, the arrangement is able to inform customers immediately about the club status, including detail availability, shipping dates, and credit availability. If the order is allocated from inventory, the inventory levels are updated automatically; if the item is not in stock, so, co-ordinate to product planning, the estimated delivery date is provided to customers. Another do good to a firm is avoiding human interference in gild-handling functions because these activities are now largely computerized. Automation as well has financial benefits such equally generating customer invoices on the same mean solar day as shipments, which accelerates cash flow. Finally, at that place are fewer billing errors and clerical mistakes [15].

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Distribution Structures

Hanno Friedrich , ... Igor Davydenko , in Modelling Freight Ship, 2014

four.2.1.4 Logistic System

For logistics systems automation of logistics activities, the change in planning telescopic and planning capabilities are relevant drivers. Automation especially can exist found within warehouses; this reduces variable storage costs but increases the necessary investments. The trend for warehouse structures can exist different. An case of changes in planning scope is growing logistics systems like the replacement of national past European distribution systems. This may lead to new centres of gravity of demand and supply inside the logistics system in infinite and thus to new locations. Likewise, a ameliorate usage of the logistic system could be the consequence which would result in fewer warehouses. The planning capabilities today change through more than powerful It systems and the availability of data. This tin can increase the efficiency of all processes and may influence all costs, transport costs can exist lower because of meliorate usage or treatment costs tin can be reduced through improved processes in the warehouse, the overall tendency for the distribution system is difficult to predict.

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Integration in Logistics Planning and Optimization

Behnam Fahimnia , ... Mohammad Hassan Ebrahimi , in Logistics Operations and Management, 2011

18.1 Logistics Planning and Optimization Problem

A logistics arrangement (LS) is a network of organizations, people, activities, information, and resource involved in the physical flow of products from supplier to customer. An LS may consist of 3 main networks or subsystems:

1.

Procurement: The acquisition of raw material and parts from suppliers and their transportation to the manufacturing plants.

2.

Product: The transformation of the raw materials into finished products.

3.

Distribution: The transportation of finished products from plants to a network of stocking locations (warehouses) and from there to end users.

Logistics planning (LP) is the process of integrating and utilizing suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and retailers so that products are produced and delivered at the correct quantities and at the correct time while minimizing costs and satisfying customer requirements [1]. Implementation of LS has crucial impacts on a company's financial performance and LP optimization is essential to achieve globally optimized operations. The 6 major cost components that form the overall logistics costs are: (one) raw cloth costs, (2) costs of raw material transportation from vendors to manufacturing plants, (3) production costs at manufacturing plants, (4) transportation costs from plants to warehouses, (5) inventory or storage costs at warehouses, and (6) transportation costs from warehouses to stop users (Figure eighteen.1). In a logistics optimization model, the overall systemwide costs are to be minimized through effective procurement, product, distribution, and inventory management. It is widely acknowledged that many benefits can exist achieved by treating a logistics network equally a whole (integration in LS) for optimization purposes, which requires the simultaneous minimization of all systemwide costs [two].

Effigy eighteen.ane. Participants of a logistics system.

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Case Studies and Contributions to the Resolution of Logistics System-related Problems

Hayfa Zgaya , Slim Hammadi , in Logistics Engineering and Wellness, 2016

2.two Analogies betwixt logistics systems

All the logistics systems in the fields of transport, health, crisis management and warehouse direction share many points in common ( Effigy 2.i). In fact, all these systems need to be modeled and optimized. In the cases where they evolve in multi-criteria environments (more often than not with antagonistic or conflictive criteria), these logistics systems as need decision support tools.

Figure 2.i. Analogies between logistics systems

In the following sections, we introduce study cases concerning logistics problems in different fields (basis layer variation: Figure 1.23), showing the similarities and the methodological adaptation to efficiently manage these systems.

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Logistics Strategic Decisions

Maryam SteadieSeifi , in Logistics Operations and Management, 2011

3.3 Logistics

Nosotros volition not define logistics again in this section, just let us review some of the definitions. In its mod class, the concept of logistics dates back to the second half of the twentieth century [2].

Logistics is the unabridged process of planning, implementing, and decision-making the efficient menstruation and storage of materials and products, services, information, energy, people, and other resources that move into, through, and out of a house (in both the public and individual sectors) from the point of origin to the bespeak of consumption and with the purpose of meeting customer requirements [3].

According to Rushton et al., "Logistics is … the positioning of resource at the right time, in the right place, at the right cost, at the right quality, while optimizing a given operation measure out and satisfying a given set of constraints" [two].

Logistics profoundly affects living standards. A belatedly food delivery to a store, an article of clothing in limited sizes and colors, and an expensive piece of furniture are tangible examples of logistics issues.

A logistics system based on its definition and nature includes the following [2]:

i.

Storage, warehousing, and textile handling

2.

Packaging and unitization

3.

Inventory

four.

Transport

v.

Information and control

The logistics planning department of a firm includes highly professional person people. The department'southward direction has a highly complex and challenging position in planning and decision-making the organisation.

These definitions look at logistics as a function, department, or unit in a concern, but continue in heed that in that location are logistics organization in virtually supply chains. These organizations do not include logistics as a role of their business, because logistics becomes their business, therefore all their strategies are about logistics, different the onetime where logistics strategy is a part of their competitive, business concern or operational strategies. You should distinguish the concept of logistics from supply concatenation, although many recent publications have used them as one concept. The following section tries to find the difference between them.

iii.iii.1 Logistics Differences to Supply Concatenation

We defined logistics and mentioned its importance. It is now generally agreed that for amend planning and to realize the existent benefits of logistics, its logic should be extended upstream to suppliers and downstream to final customers [five].

In managing a supply concatenation, factors such as partnership and the degree of linkage and coordination between chain entities are considered. Rushton et al. [2] mention 4 differences between classic logistics and supply-chain direction:

1.

From systematic signal of view, the supply chain is viewed as a whole rather than as a serial of distinguished elements such as procurement, manufacturing, and distribution. Moreover, both suppliers and terminate users are included in the planning procedure.

2.

Supply-chain direction is a highly strategic planning procedure, based on strategic decisions rather than operational ones.

iii.

Supply-chain management has some other view of inventory. Instead of bulking big inventories in a traditional way every bit a prophylactic stock for each entity in a chain, supply-chain management uses inventory as a last resort to balance the integrated flow of product through the chain.

4.

In a supply chain, information technology is crucial to construct an integrated information system in which all entities accept access to information on need and stock levels. If a supply concatenation was going to be the sum of entities, non their integration, this flow of data would non have existed, while it is a necessity for the success of the chain.

Despite efforts to define the difference betwixt the concepts of logistics and supply chain, most businesses now try to movement their logistics into a supply concatenation—or, perhaps a better term, a demand chain. Therefore, nearly of the literature of logistics is changing.

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Challenges and Innovations in Food Waste product-to-Free energy Management and Logistics

William R. Armington , ... Callie Westward. Babbitt , in Sustainable Food Waste material-To-energy Systems, 2018

13.4.ii Intermediate Facilities

Various types of logistics systems such every bit fabric supply chains, product recovery, and like biomass-to-energy systems include intermediate facilities to amass materials and stabilize inventory ( Fleischmann et al., 2000; Gold and Seuring, 2011; Iakovou et al., 2010; Pohlen and Theodore Farris, 1992), a concept that has not been extensively researched for food waste direction. These facilities could act as primal hubs within waste supply chains for multiple organic recovery facilities, including nutrient waste that requires sorting, treatment, and distribution. The concept would require generators to drib-off organic wastes ignoring the composition during drove. Within the facility, managers may inventory the food wastes and sort information technology into specific categories. Then, the wastes could be combined and treated to form a feedstock with specific attributes depending on the composition desired by the recovery engineering science client.

Past centralizing the storage and distribution effort, the burden of identifying and addressing heterogeneity in food waste may exist mitigated by technical capabilities that leverage economies of scale and reduce operating costs. Incorporating the centralized storage concept into nutrient waste transportation would significantly decrease the logistics and infrastructure complication faced by food waste material drove companies and recovery facility operations.

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Logistics Engineering

Hayfa Zgaya , Slim Hammadi , in Logistics Engineering and Wellness, 2016

i.7.two.1 Introduction

The optimization of the LS is essential in order to accept the best possible performance at the lowest cost. This optimization process does not only involve the arrangement in its totality, just must also consider optimization of each local component. In this context, nosotros should consider three optimization levels [SIA fourteen]:

−

functional: refers to coordination of unlike activities (IS, warehouse management, product logistics, product conception and lifespan, etc.);

−

temporal: making decisions according to time frames (section one.iv.4). Nonetheless, the more of import the horizon, the more than it is necessary for the LS to remain adaptable and highly good in the face of incertitude;

−

geographical: making decisions for mono-sites and multi-sites.

Despite the fact that optimization has ancient origins, it was actually developed at the turn of the 20th Century, with the advent of the concept of stock management (together with the economic lot formula). We then looked for the ways and techniques for decision-making in view of obtaining the best possible result, that is, nosotros developed decision support tools and, in that way, Operational Inquiry (OR) was born. Its development after the Great War provided organizations with the means to bargain with their logistics problems through a quantitative approach. The aim was to succeed in the analysis and diagnose of complex situations in club to assess risks and make adequate choices. In this context, decision-makers take to face bug of increasing complication, which derive from very various technical sectors, such as logistics, planning, service organization, etc. [JAC 12].

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31st European Symposium on Calculator Aided Process Applied science

Ghochapon Mongkhonsiri , ... Suttichai Assabumrungrat , in Computer Aided Chemic Engineering, 2021

1 Introduction

The existing infrastructure, logistics system and know-how of mature lurid and paper manufacture provide a great opportunity to commercialize the multiple-product network of biorefinery by transformation of low profitability of traditional pulping processes. Ekbom et al. (2006) studied the blackness liquor gasification (BLG) to produce unlike transportation fuels. Dimethyl ether (DME) production has the highest efficiency of fuel energy output per unit of production. Moreover, the BLG-based biofuels and chemicals production in a Kraft pulping process can provide significant economic returns (Larson et al., 2006). Fornell et al., (2013) proposed an integrated kraft pulping process-biorefinery producing both ethanol and DME. Their results bespeak to a feasible but electricity deficit arrangement. The carbon capture is suggested but has non been considered in their study.

In an earlier work, Mongkhonsiri et al., (2018), applied a superstructure-based process synthesis to define an optimal network of a biorefinery integrated with an existing pulp manufacturing plant. They also performed a scenario-based sensitivity analysis to study the effect of product price and doubtfulness. Based on the generated superstructure, the network of integrated succinic acrid production (SA) and black liquor gasification based dimethyl ether production (BLG-DME) were identified to have splendid potential for improved profitability. As further work (Mongkhonsiri et al., 2020), the biorefinery integrated-Soda pulping network (BIS) was designed and evaluated in terms of energy, economics and environmental impacts. The results evidence that the BIS improves both economic and environmental aspects. Moreover, a COii capture and utilization unit (CCU) stride was included to further reduce the environmental impact.

This paper aims to design and evaluate the biorefinery-Kraft pulping network (BIK) where biochemical, biofuel and bioenergy productions are combined with an existing Kraft pulping process. The integrated network is rigorously simulated. Moreover, the Integrated network is designed for energy cocky-sufficiency past utilizing biomass residues for steam and electricity generation. The process performance is evaluated in terms of free energy, economics, and environmental impacts. The integration of two conventional processes with a Tomlinson recovery boiler and a Blackness-Liquor-Gasification-Combined cycle (BLGCC) have been used for comparison. The CCU blueprint is too applied in the BIK network. Three scenarios, which are extended versions of those studied previously (Mongkhonsiri et al., 2020) compare different types of pulping processes.

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Physical Flows

Hannan Sadjady , in Logistics Operations and Management, 2011

ii.4.ane Warehousing Functions

Warehousing plays a critical office in logistics systems, providing the desired customer-service levels in combination with other logistics activities. A broad variety of operations and tasks are performed in warehousing; these can be categorized under three basic functions [x]:

1.

Motility (cloth treatment)

2.

Storage (inventory holding)

3.

Data transfer

Traditionally, the storage part was considered every bit the primary role of warehouses because they were perceived equally places for long-term storage of products. However, today's organizations attempt to improve their inventory turns and movement orders more quickly through supply-concatenation networks; therefore, nowadays, long-term storage role of warehouses has diminished, and their movement function has received more than attending.

Movement

The motility or material-handling part is represented by four primary activities.

•

Receiving and put abroad: This activeness includes unloading goods from the transportation equipment as well as verifying their count and specifications against order records, inspecting them for damage, and updating warehouse inventory records. Receiving also includes sorting and classification of products and prepackaging bulk shipments into smaller ones before moving them to their warehouse storage location. Finally, the physical movements of products to storage areas, locations for specialized services (such as consolidation areas), and outbound shipment places are referred to every bit pass-away activities [five,24].

•

Order filling or order picking: This is a fundamental movement activity in warehousing and involves identifying and retrieving products from storage areas according to client orders. Order filling besides includes accumulating, regrouping, and packaging the products into customers' desired assortments. Moreover, generating packing slips or delivery lists may also accept place at this point [7,24]. Order-picking activities are time consuming and labor intensive. A report in the United Kingdom revealed that around 63% of warehouse operating costs are the result of order picking [25].

•

Cantankerous docking: In this procedure, receiving products from one source are occasionally consolidated with products from other sources with the same destination and immediately sent to customers, without moving to long-term storage. A pure cross-docking operation only organizes the transfer of materials from inbound receiving dock to the outbound dock, eliminating nonvalue-calculation activities such equally put away, storage, and order filling. In practice, however, in that location might exist some delay, and the items may remain in the facility between 1 and three days [26,27].

•

Shipping: This activity involves physically moving and loading assembled orders onto transportation carriers, checking the content and sequence of orders, and updating inventory records. Information technology may also include sorting and packaging the products for specific customers or bracing and packing the items to prevent them from harm.

Storage

The storage function of warehouses is but almost the inventory accumulation over a period of time. The storage of inventory may take place in unlike locations and for different lengths of fourth dimension in warehouses, depending on the storage purpose. In full general, iv primary storage functions accept meaning impacts on the storage facilities' blueprint and construction: holding, consolidation, break-bulk, and mixing. 5 Warehouses may be designed to satisfy 1 or more of these functions, and their layout and structure will vary based on their accent on performing these storage functions.

The storage of inventory in warehouses can be categorized into two main groups, according to the length of storage time: temporary or short-term storage and semipermanent or long-term storage. In temporary storage, only products required for basic inventory replenishment are stored. The amount of temporary inventory required to exist stored in warehouses is determined based on the extent of variability in atomic number 82 fourth dimension and demand. Also, the design of logistics systems may touch on the inventory extent. The emphasis of temporary storage is on the movement role of warehousing, and pure cross docking tends to use merely this kind of storage. However, semipermanent or long-term storage includes the storage of products in backlog of that necessary for basic replenishment. Semipermanent storage is justified in some common situations, including [seven]:

i.

Seasonal or erratic demand

2.

Workout of products (due east.g., fruits and meats)

iii.

Special deals (e.g., quantity discounts)

4.

Speculation or forward buying

Information Transfer

Precise and timely data is a must for managers to administer the warehousing performance; therefore, they attach swell importance to the information-transfer function. This function takes identify meantime with the other warehousing functions—movement and storage—and provides the warehouse director with information on the inventory and throughput levels, 6 locations where products stored, too every bit inbound and outbound shipments. These types of information along with the information on space utilization, customer and personnel information, and other pertinent information are essential for ensuring a successful warehousing operation. Recognizing the crucial importance of these types of information, companies are continually improving the speed and accuracy of their information-transfer part by using computerized and modern processes such as bar coding their products, and using the Internet or electronic data interchange (EDI) systems for transferring their information [seven].

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Logistics Future Trends

Amir Zakery , in Logistics Operations and Direction, 2011

Publisher Summary

Today, transportation is an important part of the logistics system, and efficient supply chains rely on fast, responsive, and undecayed transportation. Increasing ranges of economic sectors are turning to globalization every bit a norm. Therefore, it results to complex harmonization process in coordinating of production and supply worldwide. This complexity is a result of differences in cultures, economic systems, government regulations, then many international rules and agreements. Technical reports and surveys are proficient resources for investigating recent changes and possible future trends in different parts of business organisation and industry. As a living and growing subject area betwixt practitioners and industrial communities, logistics has been the focus of many technical reports. This chapter presents seven reports about contempo and time to come trends in the logistics industries that were found through Net searches. Some focus on a specific region or country or on special issues of logistics, and others are more full general in nature.

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